• Article

    Statistical Estimation of Soil Carbon Stocks in Chungcheong Province through Digital Soil Mapping and Multiple Linear Regression
    Yun-Gu Kang, Jae-Han Lee, Jun-Yeong Lee, and Taek-Keun Oh
    Digital soil mapping (DSM) is a statistical technique that utilizes soil characteristics and environmental factors to create spatial distribution maps representing soil … + READ MORE
    Digital soil mapping (DSM) is a statistical technique that utilizes soil characteristics and environmental factors to create spatial distribution maps representing soil properties. The SCORPAN model, consisting of soil (S), climate (C), organisms (O), relief (R), parent materials (P), age (A) and space (N), describes the environmental factors used in DSM techniques. The objectives of this study were to assess the spatial distribution map of soil carbon stocks in Chungcheong province and predict soil carbon stocks within the 0 - 30 cm depth using DSM technique. The minimum and maximum predicted carbon stocks were 25.11 ton C ha-1 and 183.55 ton C ha-1, respectively, with a mean of 46.92 ± 13.66 ton C ha-1. The spatial distribution map of soil carbon stocks revealed higher carbon stock in Chungcheongbuk-do, particularly in Danyang-gun, while lower carbon stocks were observed in the coastal areas of Chungcheongnam-do. The estimated economic value of soil carbon stocks in Chungcheong province was 406.3 billion won, based on the average soil carbon stock, agricultural land area and carbon offset trading price. The validation outcomes of the DSM are summarized as follows: the model achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.15, indicating the 15% confidence levels to the validation data. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 20.78, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 29.51, respectively. The scatter plot between observed and predicted soil carbon stocks revealed that the predicted values were lower than the observed values, indicating a need for improvement in the model’s predictive performance. Therefore, the estimated soil carbon stocks and its spatial distribution map in this study can serve as fundamental information for assessing the potential carbon sequestration capacity of agricultural soils and contributing to climate change mitigation and carbon neutrality efforts. Spatial distribution map for agricultural soil carbon stock (0 - 30 cm) and scatter plot between observed and predicted values. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Article

    Spatial Variations in Salinity and Sodicity of Reclaimed Tideland Paddy Soils in Coastal Areas of Southwestern Korea
    Bo-Seong Seo, Nuri Baek, Seo-Woo Park, Eun-Seo Shin, Yang-Yeol Oh, Bang-Hun Kang, Hyun-Jin Park, and Woo-Jung Choi
    Reclaimed tidelands (RTLs) in the southwestern coastal areas of South Korea has been used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation due … + READ MORE
    Reclaimed tidelands (RTLs) in the southwestern coastal areas of South Korea has been used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation due to high salinity of the soils. However, there is increased social pressure to utilize the RTLs for upland crop cultivation due to decreased rice consumption. In this study, salinity and sodicity of 16 RTLs located were investigated to explore the suitability of RTLs for upland crop cultivation. Surface (0 - 20 cm) soil samples were collected from 241 paddy fields in the 16 RTL districts and analyzed for electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extracts (ECe), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and pH at 1:5 of soil:water ratio (pH1:5). The ECe (range: 2.5 - 15.8 dS m-1), ESP (1.6 - 67.2%), and pH1:5 (6.6 - 9.0) of the RTL soils differed (P < 0.001) with RTL districts. Though there are indications of decreased ECe, ESP, and pH1:5 with rice cultivation year after reclamation, this pattern was not statistically significant, suggesting that land management practices such as liming and organic matter application are required to facilitate desalinization and desodification of RTLs. Of the 16 RTLs, normal soils (ECe < 4.0 dS m-1, ESP < 15%, and pH1:5 < 8.5) were found in seven RTLs including Wolchen, Sanae, and Baiksoo RTLs. The proportion of normal soils in these three RTLs were 75%, 56%, and 47%, respectively. Therefore, these RTLs are found to be more suitable for upland crop cultivation than other RTLs. However, because the growth of upland crops are also susceptible to soil moisture stress, more information such as groundwater levels and soil drainage is required for successful upland crop cultivation in these RTLs. Distribution of normal, saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils for paddy fields in the reclaimed tidelands located in southwestern coastal area of South Korea. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Article

    Investigating Heavy Metal Levels of Greenhouse Soils Using Long-Term Livestock Manure
    Myeong Seok Jeong, Mina Lee, Chaw Su Lwin, Namhee Yi, Taehee Baek, and Kwon-Rae Kim
    The use of eco-friendly compost, such as livestock manure, has increased due to the environmental pollution of chemical fertilizers. However, many farmers … + READ MORE
    The use of eco-friendly compost, such as livestock manure, has increased due to the environmental pollution of chemical fertilizers. However, many farmers use livestock manure and inorganic fertilizer together, leading to excessive soil nutrients. Also, livestock manure includes heavy metals, so the long-term use of livestock manure could increase heavy metal levels, particularly in greenhouse soils. Therefore, this study aims to investigate heavy metal concentrations in greenhouse soils using long-term livestock manure. The soils were collected from 24 greenhouses applying livestock manure for 5 - 32 years in Gyeongnam province, Korea. The chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of the soils were analyzed. As a result, soil pH, organic matter, available phosphorus, and exchangeable-Ca, Mg, and K of most soils were higher than the average values of greenhouses in Gyeongnam. The As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn levels of the studied soils also exceeded Gyeongnam greenhouses’ average values. Moreover, Zn concentrations of three greenhouse soils were 394.4 mg kg-1, 305.3 mg kg-1, and 323.2 mg kg-1, which exceeded the Korean Zn threshold of 300 mg kg-1. The levels of Cu in these three soils showed higher values than in other soils, so the accumulation of Cu and Zn was mainly concerned with applying livestock manure. Thus, the soils using long-term livestock manure would be recommended for regular monitoring for food safety. Copper and zinc concentrations of 24 soils collected from greenhouse using manure compost (red line: Korean threshold value, blue line: average of Gyeongnam greenhouse soil). - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Article

    Reductions of Particulate Matters Emission by Soil Surface Management of Potato-Cultivated Fields in Saemangeum Reclaimed Land
    Bo-Seong Seo, Kwang-Seung Lee, Haksung Lee, Jin Jung, and BangHun Kang
    Concerns on fine dust originated from agricultural lands such as reclaimed tidelands located in the western coastal area of South Korea is … + READ MORE
    Concerns on fine dust originated from agricultural lands such as reclaimed tidelands located in the western coastal area of South Korea is increasing. Saemangeum reclaimed land (RTL), which is located in the western coastal area, is inherently susceptible to windblown dust due to the strong westerly winds and relatively flat terrain with few hills or mountains. In addition, Saemangeum RTL has a low organic matter content (<5%) and thus the soils are also susceptible to wind erosion. Therefore, agricultural measures, such as soil surface cover, to reduce wind erosion at the agricultural soils of the RTL need to be implemented. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil surface managements on the reduction of particulate matter emissions during the cultivation of spring and fall potatoes (superior) in Saemangeum RTL in 2020. Three treatments were established: control (no surface cover), vinyl mulching cover, and rice straw + vinyl mulching cover. The results showed that vinyl mulching alone was more effective in reducing fine dust emissions than that with vinyl mulching + rice straw cover, probably indicating rice straw can be a fine dust source as rice straw is likely to decompose on the soil surface. The ion composition of fine dust indicated that Na+ is the dominant ion species that is contrast to that from urban areas, which NH4+ is dominant. This study presents a possible reduction of fine dust emissions by using vinyl mulching in the Saemangeum RTL. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of the increased fine dust emission by rice straw cover. Concentrations of ion composition in (a) particulate matter (PM) 10 by vinyl mulching and vinyl mulching combined with rice straw cover during spring potatoes growth period, (b) PM 2.5 by vinyl mulching and vinyl mulching combined with rice straw cover during spring potatoes growth period, (c) PM 10 by vinyl mulching and vinyl mulching combined with rice straw cover during spring potatoes growth period, and (d) PM 2.5 by vinyl mulching and vinyl mulching combined with rice straw cover during spring potatoes growth period in RDA National Institute of Crop Science research site. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Article

    Evaluation of Potential Organic Resources as Low Carbon-Emitting Soil Amendment in a Red Pepper Cultivated Soil
    Yeomyeong Lee, Hyerin An, Sohee Yoon, Chang Hoon Lee, Seung Tak Jeong, and Sang Yoon Kim
    Application of soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important strategies to enhance soil quality and combat climate changes by … + READ MORE
    Application of soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important strategies to enhance soil quality and combat climate changes by mainly increasing soil carbon stocks in agriculture. However, there is still a lack of information on soil respiration rate and temperature sensitivity in soils amended with different organic amendments in red pepper cultivation soil. To evaluate effects of different organic resources on enhancing soil carbon (C) balance in red pepper cultivation soil, four different low-carbon organic amendments (red pepper residue, compost, rice hull biochar, and wood biochar) with different application levels (0, 5, 10, and 20 Mg d.w ha-1) were set on a laboratory experiment by investing soil respiration rate, Q10 value, and soil chemical properties including pH, total C, dissolved organic C, etc. This study showed that all organic amendments significantly increased soil C input, showing the highest mean value (49.8 mg C) in NPK+wood biochar treatment as followed by NPK+rice husk biochar (38.7 mg C) > NPK+red pepper residue (33.3 mg C) > NPK+compost (26.7 mg C). However, NPK+rice husk biochar showed C output, showing the lowest mean soil respiration rates (0.86 mg C) during the incubation as followed by NPK+compost (1.08 mg C) > NPK+wood biochar (1.13 mg C) > NPK+red pepper residue (2.70 mg C) during the experiment. The C balance was the highest in the NPK+wood biochar (48.7 mg ΔC) mainly due to increased C input as compared to low C output. This result might be due to having different chemical properties that possessed a more stable C source than easily degradable C in the biomass. As an indicator of temperature sensitivity, the Q10 value was the highest in NPK+red pepper residue treatment (1.38) that could be comparatively sensitive for SOM degradation with rising air temperature and then followed by NPK+compost (1.21) > NPK+wood biochar (1.19) > NPK+rice hull biochar (1.18). In conclusion, wood biochar application could be a better soil management strategy to increase soil C storage particularly in the greenhouse conditions, showing high temperature during the cultivation. Soil carbon input, output, and balance of different organic material application regimes at the different levels under laboratory-scale experiments. Treatment† OM application level (Mg ha-1) C input (A) (mg C) C output (B) (mg C) C balance‡ (A - B) (mg ΔC) NPK + R 5 14.3 k§ 0.71 c 13.5 j 10 28.5 g 2.66 b 25.8 g 20 57.0 c 4.74 a 52.3 c Mean 33.3 2.70 30.6 NPK + Com 5 11.5 l 0.47 c 11.0 k 10 22.9 h 1.05 c 21.9 h 20 45.8 d 1.72 bc 44.1 d Mean 26.7 1.08 25.7 NPK + RB 5 16.6 j 0.45 c 16.1 i 10 33.2 f 1.00 c 32.2 f 20 66.4 b 1.14 c 65.2 b Mean 38.7 0.86 37.9 NPK + WB 5 21.3 i 0.89 c 20.5 h 10 42.7 e 1.24 bc 41.5 e 20 85.4 a 1.25 bc 84.1 a Mean 49.8 1.13 48.7 Type (A) *** *** *** Level (B) *** *** *** A × B *** *** *** †Incubation temperature: 25°C; R: Red pepper residue; Com: Compost; RB: Rice hull biochar; WB: Wood biochar. ‡C balance: C input (OM application level × C content) - C output (OM application soil - NPK soil respiration (0.24 g by urea)). §The different letter means a significant difference among the treatments (at p ≤ 0.05, Tukey’s test). The same letter indicates no significant differences among treatments. *, **, and *** donate significant differences at levels of p < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Article

    Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Upland Carrot Affected by Various Basal Fertilizers and Fertigation Ratios
    Boyun Lee and Jwakyung Sung
    Fertigation is one of alternative measures not only to ensure crop yield but also to improve nutrient use efficiency. In this work, … + READ MORE
    Fertigation is one of alternative measures not only to ensure crop yield but also to improve nutrient use efficiency. In this work, we evaluated growth and yield, nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of upland carrot. To do our goal, various basal fertilizers (single chemical and slow release) and fertigations were employed based on the result of soil diagnosis, and the detail was as follows; basal:fertigation = 100:0, 50:50, 30:70. Growth, yield, nutrient (N, P, K) uptake and nitrogen use efficiency were not different from treatments. However, slow release fertilizer resulted in enhancing economic yield (root) and nitrogen use efficiency compared to single chemical fertilizer, and an adjustment of basal:top dressing (fertigation) was relatively effective. In conclusion, the current results suggest that fertigation is favorable for upland carrot production, and the further study including the comparison with conventional practice (broadcasting) and organic fertilizers as a basal source is required to validate fertigation effect. Economic yield and nitrogen use efficiency of upland carrot under the growth condition with different basal fertilizers and fertigation rates. ns: no significance. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Short Communication

    Effects of Mixed Application of Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic Acid and Fertilizer on the Growth of Watermelon and Soil Properties of Plastic Film House
    Myung-Sook Kim, Eun-Jin Lee, Tae-Gu Lee, Ha-il Jung, Seon-Hye Baek, Seung-Gye Lee, Min-Hye Park, and Mi-Hwa Moon
    Chelating agents enhance the availability of cationic nutrient by mobilizing salts in the soil. This study was conducted in the field to … + READ MORE
    Chelating agents enhance the availability of cationic nutrient by mobilizing salts in the soil. This study was conducted in the field to evaluate the effects of Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) as chelating agent and fertilizer application on improving plant growth and changing soil properties of plastic film house. The treatments were conventional application practice (NPKC), fertilizer application by soil testing (soil testing), EDDS plus 10% (EDDS+NPKC 10%), 25% (EDDS+NPKC 25%), and 50% (EDDS+NPKC 50%) of conventional fertilizer application level. Soil electrical conductivity, nitrate nitrogen, and exchangeable potassium of EDDS+NPKC 25% treatment decreased compared to those of NPK treatment, but the enzyme activity of microbial community increased. The amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe uptaken by plant tended to be high compared to those of NPK treatment. These results showed that mixed application of EDDS and a quarter of conventional fertilizer could improve the watermelon growth and reduced the soil salinity. Soil chemical properties after harvest of watermelon in soil treated by EDDS. Treatment pH (1:5 H2O) EC (dS m-1) NO3-N (mg kg-1) Av. P2O5 (mg kg-1) Exch. cations (cmolc kg-1) K Ca Mg NPKC 6.1 a† 7.27 a 460 a 582 b 1.2 a 9.6 b 3.6 b Soil testing 6.0 a 5.30 ab 216 b 498 c 0.9 ab 9.6 ab 3.4 bc EDDS+NPKC 10% 6.2 a 4.07 b 118 b 482 c 1.1 ab 11.0 a 4.3 a EDDS+NPKC 25% 6.3 a 4.36 b 172 b 543 bc 0.8 b 9.4 b 3.2 bc EDDS+NPKC 50% 6.2 a 4.77 b 209 b 689 a 1.1 ab 9.2 b 3.0 c †Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05). - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Short Communication

    Evaluation of Extractants for Estimation of Tl Availability to Barley and Sunflower Grown in Tl-Contaminated Soils
    Byeong-Seok Kang, Dong-Jin Kim, and Jin-Ho Lee
    Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses a threat to various organisms, including human beings. In plants, Tl is … + READ MORE
    Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses a threat to various organisms, including human beings. In plants, Tl is mostly present as the uncomplexed Tl+ species, and its uptake by plants follows a similar trend to that of other monovalent ions such as NH4+, Cs+, K+, Rb+, and others. In this study, we investigated the relationships between the Tl concentrations in barley and sunflower and the extractable-Tl concentrations in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soils. We used ammonium and potassium based-inorganic salt extractants, including 1 M NH4Cl, 1 M (NH4)2SO4, 1 M KCl, and 1 M KNO3. The Tl concentration in the sunflower tissues harvested from the acidic soil with a treatment of 40 mg Tl kg-1 was 1,910 mg kg-1, indicating that sunflower could be considered a Tl-hyperaccumulator plant. Among the extractants, the highest concentration of extractable soil Tl was obtained using 1 M NH4Cl solution, followed by 1 M (NH4)2SO4, 1 M KCl, and 1 M KNO3. The Tl concentrations in both plants were well related (R2 > 0.910) to the Tl concentrations extractable by ammonium and potassium-based inorganic salts and showed the closest relationship (R2 = 0.936 - 0.980) with that extractable by 1 M (NH4)2SO4. Therefore, the ammonium and potassium based-inorganic chemicals can be considered applicable soil Tl extractants in relation to Tl uptake by plants. The coefficient of determination (R2) values between the Tl concentrations in the plants and the chemical extractable-soil Tl concentrations. Plant Extractant Coefficient of determination (R2) JJ† IS DY Barley 1 M NH4Cl 0.914 0.917 0.961 1 M (NH4)2SO4 0.962 0.936 0.963 1 M KCl 0.935 0.910 0.948 1 M KNO3 0.923 0.918 0.948 Sunflower 1 M NH4Cl 0.945 0.981 0.973 1 M (NH4)2SO4 0.980 0.958 0.980 1 M KCl 0.965 0.981 0.977 1 M KNO3 0.946 0.973 0.984 †JJ, acidic Jeonju soil; IS, neutral Iksan soil; DY, alkaline Danyang soil. - COLLAPSE
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    31 August 2023

  • Editorial

    The Importance of Researches on Climate-Smart Agriculture for 5C Dimension of Global Soil Security: An Overview of GSS2023
    Woo-Jung Choi, Won-Pyo Park, and Jin-Hyeob Kwak
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    31 August 2023
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