• Article

    Effect of Ridge Height on Peanut Growth and Soil Physicochemical Properties of in Paddy Field
    Young-Sang Kim, Ki-Hyun Kim, Yoon-Sun Huh, Min-Ja Kim, and In-Jae Kim
    The paddy fields have a high moisture content and high groundwater level. When cultivating crops in paddy fields, there is a possibility … + READ MORE
    The paddy fields have a high moisture content and high groundwater level. When cultivating crops in paddy fields, there is a possibility of causing moisture damage at the roots and poor plant growth due to flooding and wet injury. This study was conducted to investigate the growth and yield of peanut and the changes in soil physico-chemical properties with the ridge height in paddy fields. In the 40 cm ridge height treatment, the decay rate of peanuts was lowest and the ratio of ripen pods, weight of 100 grains, and grain yield were highest. As the ridge height increased, the soil acidity and electrical conductivity increased and the bulk density and hardness of the soil decreased, and the liquid and gas phase increased. When growing crops in paddy fields, raising the ridge height resulted in the reduction of wet injury, and the improvement of soil physical properties led to the stable production of peanut. From these results, it was found that the adjustment of the ridge height 40 cm could improve the characteristics of peanut yields and soil physical properties in paddy field. Yield and yield components of peanut plant with the ridge height. Treatment No. of ripen pods (plant-1) Ratio of ripen pods (%) Decay ratio of ripen pods (%) Kernel ratio of pod (%) 100 grains weight (g) Grain yield (kg ha-1) 20 cm 29.1 b† 62.4 b 19.2 a 69.7 a 97.3 b 3,370 c 30 cm 33.4 ab 67.2 ab 11.8 b 69.8 a 101.7 b 3,990 ab 40 cm 40.3 a 74.6 a 5.4 c 72.1 a 111.2 a 4,520 a †Values within columns having the same letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 as determined by DMRT. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Monitoring of Seasonal Variation Characteristics for Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Environment
    Jin Wook Kim, Young Kyu Hong, Song Hee Ryu, Oh Kyung Kwon, and Sung Chul Kim
    Released veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the agricultural environment can be transported due to various human activities and natural influences. Moreover, VAs are … + READ MORE
    Released veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the agricultural environment can be transported due to various human activities and natural influences. Moreover, VAs are considered as emerging contaminants because of their potential to increase antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. In this study, the residual concentration and distribution of VAs were monitored in agricultural environmental samples. The concentrations of 11 antibiotics in four classes (penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides) were measured in different sample matrixes (arable soil, sediment, surface water, manure-based compost, and liquid manure) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Result showed that 8 out of 11 VAs were detected in the measured samples. Chlortetracycline was detected in all arable soil and sediment in the range of 3.02 - 203.36 µg kg-1. Penicillin G was detected in the range of 1.55 - 5.11 g kg-1 in only April soil samples due to short half-life in the environment. Sulfamethoxazole was dissipated in arable soil with time, which indicated that this compound could be transported to groundwater due to rainfall and exhibited high mobility in soil. This study provides information on the seasonal variation of VAs in agricultural environments and could be used as primary data for managing residual VAs in the environment. Map of sample collection sites to monitor VAs residuals in different environmental matrixes. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Effects of Illite-Containing Fertilizer Prototypes on Nutrients Uptake and Antioxidant of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
    Ga-Eun Kim, Hye-Sun Lee, Young-Ran Lee, and Jwakyung Sung
    Illite, a clay mineral, contains high levels of K+ content to be available by plants. Effect of illite on soil and … + READ MORE
    Illite, a clay mineral, contains high levels of K+ content to be available by plants. Effect of illite on soil and crops have been reported, but more examples are needed to extend to a variety of crop plants. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of illite-containing prototypes as an alternative fertilizer on nutrient uptake and antioxidant activity of lettuce. Lettuce was grown for 30 days with six different fertilizer treatments (control, NPK, illite, prototype-A, prototype-B, and prototype-C) using acidic nutrients-poor soil (AC-NPS) and alkaline nutrients-rich soil (AK-NRS). The pH adjustment by illite-containing prototypes was not observed from both two soils, AC-NPS and AK-NRS. Prototype-A resulted in an enhancement of total nitrogen content of soil at both AC-NPS and AK-NRS. Total nitrogen of lettuce shoots was remarkably higher in prototype-B and -C at both soils. Illite-only treatment showed the highest level of total ploypenols (19.5 mg g-1), flavonoids (3.8 mg g-1) and ABTS (37.2%) in the AC-NPS. Overall, illite-containing prototype B- and -C showed a significant increase not only macro nutrients (nitrogen, calcium and magnesium) but antioxidant activity in the AC-NPS. Accordingly, it is considered that illite-containing prototypes might be an alternative or supplement of chemical fertilizer to promote lettuce growth. Effect of illite-containing prototypes on total nitrogen and antioxidant ability of lettuce plant. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Characteristics of Maize Roots under Subsurface Drip Irrigation through Various Oxygen Treatment
    Dong Hyeok Gong, Sang hun Lee, Ki Yuol Jung, and Hyen Chung Chun
    In Korea, irrigation technology using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is new in agriculture system. Many limitations of SDI are not well known. … + READ MORE
    In Korea, irrigation technology using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is new in agriculture system. Many limitations of SDI are not well known. SDI can damage crops from overwatering. To address this weakness, it is important to improve and test the applicability of the SDI with air injection (oxygation). Therefore we investigated soil oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), root characteristics and yield of maize using two conditions of soil moisture regime: field capacity (FC) × 100% and 120%. Maize was planted, and then air was injected by compressor and venturi. In the field, irrigation was controlled by a controller connected to soil moisture sensors. Soil moisture sensors were measured at 20 cm below soil surface. Soil O2 and CO2 were measured at 10 and 30 cm below soil surface before and after oxygation. Root activity was measured from tip of roots. Root volume and dry weight were measured. Post-harvest, number and weight of maize ears were surveyed as well. As a result, soil oxygen values increased by 59% in the compressor treatment and by 34% in the venture treatment. However, soil CO2values did not depend on the oxygation. In all soil moisture treatments, the activity of oxygated roots was greater than that of the control, and root activity was increased by 152%. Root volume and dry weight were also greater than those in the control. No significant effect of soil moisture was found on the number and weight of ears of maize. The average ear weight of maize in the FC 100% soil moisture treatment was 1,292 kg 10a-1 in the oxygation and 1,278 kg 10a-1 in the control. In addition, no effect of oxygation was observed on number and weight of ears. The average ear weight of maize in the FC 120% soil moisture treatment was 1,229 kg 10a-1 in the oxygation and 960 kg 10a-1 in the control. Maize yield was 28% greater in the oxygation treatment than that in the control. The yield of maize grown in the control field showed a tendency to decrease as the soil moisture content increased. At FC 120% soil moisture, the ear weight of control maize was reduced by 25% compared to FC 100% soil moisture. These results reflected that the oxygation process had a great effect on the root growth even in humid conditions, which was expected to have a positive effect on the maize plants planted above-ground. Root activity, dry weight and volume of corn as a result of soil moisture and oxygation; Soil moisture treatments (field capacity × 100%, field capacity × 120%), Oxygation treatments (compressor, venturi), Control (no air was injected). Soil moisture regime Oxygation treatment Root activity (µg g-1 h-1) Root dry weight (g) Root volume (cm3) 100% of field capacity Compressor 50.1 ± 1.69 b† 49.5 ± 19.25 a 269 ± 83.8 a Venturi 67.8 ± 3.25 a 44.6 ± 10.17 a 224 ± 34.9 a Control 32.2 ± 2.08 c 12.5 ± 5.55 b 59 ± 43.8 b 120% of field capacity Compressor 50.8 ± 1.07 a 42.4 ± 0.74 ab 225 ± 5.0 b Venturi 39.2 ± 1.54 b 73.7 ± 25.75 a 326 ± 56.6 a Control 35.8 ± 1.52 c 14.6 ± 9.81 b 60 ± 48.2 c †a, b and c represent significant difference level at 95%. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Annual Changes in Soil Physicochemical Properties and Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Growth When Returning Grown Kenaf as Organic Matter in Reclaimed Land
    Chan-Ho Kang, In-Sok Lee, Yu-Rim Choi, Ju Kim, and Hee-Jun Kim
    This experiment was conducted to confirm the efficiency of introducing natural organic matter, crushed kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), which could lead … + READ MORE
    This experiment was conducted to confirm the efficiency of introducing natural organic matter, crushed kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), which could lead to soil physicochemical improvement and crop growth improvement in reclaimed land. The plant height of economical crop kenaf after adding crushed kenaf per 3,000 kg 10a-1 as organic matter in 2020 was 219.5 cm. This was 7% less growth than the kenaf grown in standard fertilization, and 13.4% higher than the kenaf grown under in natural non-managed state without fertilization. The kenaf yield in the first year of organic matter treatment in non-developed reclaimed land was 3,215 kg 10a-1 which was 14.7% higher compared to that of under in natural non-managed state without fertilization and 83.9% yield of standard fertilization treatment. However, in the second year of cultivation, the growth and yield of treated with crushed kenaf as an organic matter were increased significantly. The main reason is that enough time was given for the decomposition of the input crushed kenaf, and the effect of kenaf cultivation as a crop on improving the soil environment was clearly appeared. So, the plant height in the second year of kenaf treated with crushed kenaf as an organic matter was 320.9 cm, which was 46.2% higher than that in the first year. In addition, yield also increased significantly, reaching 5,916 kg 10a-1, an 84% higher compared to that of the first year. This rate of yield increase was larger than 15% of in natural non-managed state without fertilization or 33% of standard fertilization treatment, which showed that using kenaf as an organic matter was much more effective in improving the soil environment of reclaimed land and improving crop growth and yield. The annual changes of soil chemical properties when returning of grown kenaf as an organic matter in reclaimed land. Division pH (1:5) EC (dS m-1) OM (g kg-1) Avail. P2O5 (mg kg-1) Exch. cations (cmolc kg-1) K Ca Mg Na 2019 (before input) 7.9 a† 2.04 a 4.6 c 24 c 0.74 c 1.42 b 5.06 a 0.68 a After input 2020 7.2 b 1.22 b 10.4 b 67 b 0.94 b 1.86 a 4.88 b 0.28 b 2021 6.7 c 0.56 c 14.2 a 86 a 1.14 a 1.72 ab 3.81 c 0.19 c †Values within columns having the same letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 as determined by DMRT. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Dissolution Characteristics of Ammonium and Nitrate in Soil with Bottom Ash from Biomass Power Plant
    So-Hui Kim, Seung-Gyu Lee, Jae-Hurk Park, Jin-Ju Yun, Se-Won Kang, and Ju-Sik Cho
    Recently, biomass power plants are increasing as an alternative energy source to reduce the carbon emissions from fossil fuels. The amount of … + READ MORE
    Recently, biomass power plants are increasing as an alternative energy source to reduce the carbon emissions from fossil fuels. The amount of waste from biomass power plants increases and bottom ash is generally buried in soil. However, there is little research on the dissolution characteristics of nitrogen, a macronutrient in soil, using bottom ash (BA). To evaluate nitrogen dissolution in soil with BA, we mixed BA with soil, collected leachate for 5 weeks, and measured NH4+-N and NO3--N concentration in leachate. As a results, BA reduced the leaching of NH4+-N and NO3--N by up to 18% and 38%, respectively. The decrease of NH4+-N leaching is judged to be the result of increased NH4+-N adsorption due to the high pH of the bottom ash, and these results are often confirmed in other biochar. The NO3--N leaching also decreased, but it is not related to the adsorption capacity of BA, so further research is needed. These results suggested that BA reduces the contents of NH4+-N and NO3--N in the soil effluent, which can be used as an important indicator for using bottom ash in the soil. The amount of NH4+-N and NO3--N dissolution in soil using bottom ash from biomass power plant (average and standard deviation; 3 replicate). (left) Accumulation of NH4+-N; (right) Accumulation of NO3--N. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Comparison among Soil Taxonomy (2014), WRB (2014), and WRB (2022) Systems on Anthropogenic Soils in Korea
    DanBi Lee, ByungHwan Seo, WooRi Go, SongRae Cho, and YeonKyu Sonn
    The remodeling agricultural land in South Korea is an anthropogenic soils created by reclaimed dredging generated from the Four Major River Restoration … + READ MORE
    The remodeling agricultural land in South Korea is an anthropogenic soils created by reclaimed dredging generated from the Four Major River Restoration Project. The area of ​​the remodeled agricultural land is 7,727 ha, and many of the area are located near the Four Major Rivers. Soils made artificially by human activities differ from natural soil in terms of development as well as soil properties. Thus, this study attempted to classify the soil of the remodeled agricultural land using 3 soil classification system 1) Soil Taxonomy, 2) WRB (2014), 3) WRB (2022). Inchang series, a remodeled agricultural land, is fine, mesic family of Anthroportic Udorthents for Soil Taxonomy. WRB (2014) is recognized as Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Gleyic, Transportic) and WRB (2022) is classified as Stagnic Gleyic Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Transportic). Soil Taxonomy is limited in understanding soil properties because it categorizes anthropogenic soils into subgroups. On the other hand, WRB classifies anthropogenic soils into Anthrosols and Technosols into RSG, and continuously revises the classification system for accurate classification of anthropogenic soils. Therefore, it is necessary to revise classification of Korean soils according to the revised classification system for accurate soil classification. Furthermore, for soil classification suitable for Korean soil, it is necessary to create a soil classification system by referring to the WRB as well as Soil Taxonomy. Results of classification of Inchang series using Soil Taxonomy (2014), WRB (2014) and WRB (2022) are fine, mesic family of Anthroportic Udorthent, Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Gleyic, Transportic) and Stagnic Gleyic Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Transportic). - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Comparison of Physicochemical and Biological Soil Properties in Organic and Conventional Upland Fields
    Jin Wook Kim, Young Kyu Hong, Cho Rong Lee, and Sung Chul Kim
    Application of organic farming system has been increased recently but change of soil properties due to organic farming system has not been … + READ MORE
    Application of organic farming system has been increased recently but change of soil properties due to organic farming system has not been thoroughly studied. The main purpose of this study was to compare physicochemical and biological soil properties between conventional and organic farming system and to identify the most affected soil parameters for two different farming system. Soil samples were collected from upland fields that have been using conventional or organic farming system for over five years. Then, physicochemical and biological soil properties were determined, including bulk density, porosity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter, total nitrogen (T-N), available phosphorus, soil respiration, and soil enzyme activities. For soil physical perspective, soils from organic farming system had lower bulk density and higher porosity values than conventional farming system. This result indicate that organic farming system had beneficial effect on soil physical properties. In case of soil chemical properties, the available phosphorus content in soil from conventional farming system was higher than in organic farming system probably due to the continuous use of inorganic fertilizers containing phosphorus in the arable area. For soil biological properties, β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities were higher under conventionally managed soils than organic farming system. Overall, physicochemical and biological soil properties can be varied depending on differently managed farming system and long terms of monitoring is necessary for understanding the change of soil properties between organic and conventional farming system. Soil properties including a) bulk density, b) soil organic matter content, c) β-glucosidase activity, and d) urease activity (CF, conventional farming; OF, organic farming). - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Effect of In-Situ Oxidation Method on Soil Biological Properties in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil
    Young Kyu Hong, Jin Wook Kim, Dong Ju Lee, Hyuck Soo Kim, Yong-Ha Park, and Sung Chul Kim
    Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is one of the main pollutant in soil environment and oxidation treatment method using hydrogen peroxide (H2 … + READ MORE
    Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is one of the main pollutant in soil environment and oxidation treatment method using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is common for TPH remediation in soil. The main objective of this research was to monitor change of soil biological properties including soil respiration (SR) and soil enzyme activity in TPH contaminated soil after oxidation treatment. Laboratory batch experiment was conducted to simulate field treatment. Five percent of H2O2 was applied to TPH contaminated soil and soil biological properties was monitored at 3, 7, and 11 days after H2O2 application. Result showed that reduction efficiency of TPH was 64.8% after 11 days and SR rate was increased to 58.4% as TPH was reduced to 64.8% after 11 days. However, soil enzyme activity was not significantly increased and even dehydrogenase and urease activity were decreased to 59.0 and 56.3% after H2O2 application. This result might indicate that certain period is necessary to recover nutrient cycle in soil after remediation. In addition, long time of monitoring might be necessary to understand microbial activity for nutrient utilization in soil. Schematic diagram of remediation experiment for TPH contaminated soil and change of biological properties. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Agricultural Water Salinity of Reclaimed Tidelands in Southwestern Coastal Areas of South Korea
    Hyun-Jin Park and Woo-Jung Choi
    Monitoring of the salinity of agricultural soil and water is necessary for sustainable food production in salt-affected reclaimed tidelands (RTLs). Soil salinity … + READ MORE
    Monitoring of the salinity of agricultural soil and water is necessary for sustainable food production in salt-affected reclaimed tidelands (RTLs). Soil salinity has been extensively monitored; however, little attention has been given to water salinity. In this study, agricultural water salinity of five RTLs located in the southwestern coastal area of South Korea was monitored. A total of 215 water samples were collected from estuary lakes and inland streams in Bojeon (BJ), Goheung (GH), Gunnae (GN), Samsan (SS), and Youngsangang (YSG) RTLs in 2018, 2020, and 2022. Water samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (ECw) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) to estimate the suitability of water salinity for agricultural uses based on the FAO guidelines. The ECw (average: 1.6 - 3.6 dS m-1) and SAR (5 - 8) were highly variable being dependent on RTL locations, water type (lake and stream), and sampling year and month. For rice cultivation, ECw of BJ, SS, and YSG RTLs was lower than the threshold ECw (2 dS m-1) for rice growth; whereas ECw of GN (2.1 ± 1.0 dS m-1) and GH (3.6 ± 1.2 dS m-1) RTLs were higher than the threshold ECw. For upland crops cultivation, both ECw and SAR of five RTLs were much higher than the FAO threshold values (ECw < 0.7 dS m-1 and SAR < 3). Therefore, our results suggest that agricultural water salinity of the study RTLs is not suitable for cultivation of upland crop. Therefore, long-term monitoring of water salinity as well as developments of advanced irrigation-drainage are necessary for diversification of agricultural uses of RTLs. Distribution of ECw and SAR of lake and inland stream of five RTLs. On the right side of the panels, FAO guideline for the degree of restriction on the use for irrigation water is depicted. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Article

    Establishment of Soil Suitability for Growing Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L.) Using the Quantification Theory I
    Songrae Cho, Woori Go, Byunghwan Seo, Danbi Lee, and Yeonkyu Sonn
    The soil suitability grades are classifying as soil series by judging the potential productivity of the soil based on the yield of … + READ MORE
    The soil suitability grades are classifying as soil series by judging the potential productivity of the soil based on the yield of crops. The soil suitability grade is divided into four grades, which are very suitable, suitable, possible, and not suitable areas. The reason for classifying the grades is to help farmers in selecting crops to grow in consideration of the characteristics of the soil. Among the soil characteristics used previously to set the soil suitability grade of 66 crops, the five most common characteristics selected. As for the crop it applied as the determinant, the bracken with the largest number of plots selected among the crops excluding the crops with the crop exclusion criteria registered with the agricultural business. The relationship between yield and soil characteristics confirmed by examining the cultivated yield of local bracken and the soil characteristics of the plots. For subsoil, the highest yield was shown when the sub-soil texture were loam and silty loam with a clay content of 15 - 35%, the drainage grade was slightly poor, the available soil depth was >100 cm, the gravel content was 15 - 35%, and the slope was >30%. Based on this, the partial correlation coefficient was calculated. As a result, the drainage grade was the highest at 0.22, indicating the greatest influence. The corresponding soil suitability grade was applied to the soil characteristics of 1,361 phases in Korea to obtain the predicted value for the soil specific factors. The predicted values ​​ranged from 35 - 73 kg ha-1, with 92 very suitable areas, 487 suitable areas, 421 possible areas, and 361 not suitable areas. The soil suitability grades map of bracken in Korea. Based on the relationship value between the detailed soil characteristics and yield of bracken through a soil survey on the yield and the bracken cultivation fields. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023

  • Short Communication

    Does Co-Application of Compost and Mineral Fertilizers Reduce Gaseous Nitrogen (NH3 and N2O) Losses and Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency from Maize-Growing Soil?
    Hyerin An, Yeomyeong Lee, Juhee Lee, Sohee Yoon, Seong-Jik Park, Sung-Chang Hong, Jin-Ho Kim, and Sang Yoon Kim
    Nitrogen (N) has been considered one of the vital elements to enhance agricultural productivity. However, excessive use of N fertilizer can deteriorate … + READ MORE
    Nitrogen (N) has been considered one of the vital elements to enhance agricultural productivity. However, excessive use of N fertilizer can deteriorate environmental quality, increasing ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from agricultural ecosystems. The combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizers may improve nutrient holding capacity, which can potentially reduce N losses (NH3 and N2O), resulting in high N use efficiency (NUE) and crop productivity. To investigate gaseous N losses and NUE in a maize (Zea mays L.) field experiment, four treatments for N fertilizers were laid out: NPK (urea), compost (compost), NPK+Compost (urea and compost), and control (no fertilizer) treatments. As compared to the control, seasonal NH3 emissions significantly increased with all fertilization. In particular, combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers was effective on reducing N losses including NH3 volatilizations and N2O emissions, showing ca. 16% and 47% reduction, respectively over sole NPK treatment even though the same amount of N was incorporated in all treatments except the control. Maize productivity was significantly improved by N fertilizations, but was the highest in the NPK+Compost treatment, showing no statistical difference with NPK treatment. The NUE was the highest in the NPK treatment (35%) and followed by NPK+Compost (27%), compost (11%), respectively. In conclusion, mixing of organic-inorganic fertilizers could be a reasonable countermeasure to reduce the loss of gaseous N and simultaneously maintain productivity and NUE in agricultural soils. The amount of ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission and total gaseous N losses at different N fertilization regimes from maize-growing soil. Treatments Total N input (kg ha-1) NH3-N loss (kg ha-1) N2O-N loss (kg ha-1) Total N losses (kg ha-1) (%) Control - 4.24 c† 0.84 b 5.08 c - NPK 158 6.74 a 2.93 a 9.66 a 6.11 a Compost 158 4.50 c 1.44 b 5.94 c 3.76 b NPK+Compost 158 5.64 b 1.55 b 7.19 b 4.55 b †Different letters for each row showed a significant difference at p ≤ 0.05 according to LSD’s test. - COLLAPSE
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    28 February 2023
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Journal Informaiton Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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