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Original research article
- Effects of soil texture, crop type, and mounding on physical properties of greenhouse soils in Gyeong-buk Province from 2016 to 2024
- Yeon-Gyu Jeong, Jong-Hee Shin, Hye-Rin Jeong, Jung-Gi Ryu
- This study aimed to evaluate the temporal and spatial variation in soil physical properties in greenhouse cultivation areas of Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. …
- This study aimed to evaluate the temporal and spatial variation in soil physical properties in greenhouse cultivation areas of Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. A total of 40 representative sites were surveyed across three periods (2016, 2020, and 2024), focusing on plowing depth, bulk density, porosity, penetration resistance, organic matter content, and soil texture. Soil physical conditions were further compared according to soil texture (sandy loam vs. silty loam), major cultivated crops (watermelon, cucumber, and strawberry), and mounding status. The results showed progressive deterioration of topsoil properties, with plowing depth decreasing from 23.2 cm in 2016 to 19.8 cm in 2024, accompanied by lower air porosity and increased bulk density. In contrast, subsoil properties such as penetration resistance and porosity improved slightly, possibly due to repeated organic matter inputs and deep tillage. Notably, silty loam soils and strawberry fields exhibited lower porosity and organic matter content, indicating higher levels of compaction and physical constraint. In comparison, sandy loam soils and watermelon fields maintained more favorable conditions, likely reflecting differences in management intensity and organic inputs. soil mounding demonstrated lower bulk density and higher air porosity demonstrated lower bulk density and higher air porosity; however, they also contained less organic matter and clay, which may compromise long-term structural stability. These findings underscore the importance of site-specific soil management strategies such as expanding organic amendments, practicing deep tillage, and regularly monitoring physical indicators to sustain soil health and productivity in greenhouse systems. The study provides baseline data to support tailored soil management and long-term sustainability in intensively cultivated greenhouse areas. Soil physical properties by soil texture in greenhouse cultivation areas of Gyeongbuk (2024). Soil texture Soil layer PD1 (cm) BD2 (Mg m-3) Porosity (%) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Hardness (mm) OM3 (g kg-1) All soil (40) TS4 19.8 (5.9) 1.22 (0.15) 53.8 (5.6) 52.8 (14.5) 29.3 (10.1) 17.9 (5.1) - 35.1 (15.3) SS5 1.28 (0.15) 51.8 (5.5) 52.5 (13.9) 29.5 (9.8) 18.0 (5.0) 13.2 (2.6) 32.3 (15.4) Sandy loam (24) TS 19.7 (5.4) 1.18 (0.15) 55.5 (5.5) 60.0 (11.3) 25.4 (9.4) 14.6 (2.6) - 37.3 (16.4) SS 1.26 (0.16) 52.4 (6.2) 59.6 (10.7) 25.7 (9.0) 14.8 (2.3) 13.2 (3.1) 34.0 (16.5) Silty loam (16) TS 19.8 (6.3) 1.29 (0.13) 51.3 (4.7) 42.0 (11.1) 35.2 (8.2) 22.8 (3.9) - 31.7 (12.7) SS 1.30 (0.11) 50.9 (4.2) 42.0 (11.1) 35.1 (8.3) 22.9 (3.8) 13.1 (1.5) 29.8 (13.3) 1PD, plowing depth 2BD, bulk density 3OM, organic matter 4TS, topsoil 5SS, sub-surface soil Data are overall means (standard deviation). - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal and bacterial communities in chestnut orchards under different management systems
- Tsubasa Izawa, Hosne Ara Dilzahan, Laysa Lorena Silva de Santana, Mateus Oliveira Gomes, Masahide Kobayashi, Andre Freire Cruz
- This study investigates the effects of organic management systems (OMS) on soil microbial communities and their activities, comparing them with conventional management …
- This study investigates the effects of organic management systems (OMS) on soil microbial communities and their activities, comparing them with conventional management systems (CMS) and wild systems (WS) in chestnut orchards across the Tamba region of Japan. Soil samples were collected from four distinct locations: Wachi, Ayabe, Fukuchiyama, and Sasayama. Microbial activity was assessed by analyzing nine enzyme types, while the microbial community, including bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), was characterized using amplicon sequencing analysis. The results revealed that in general soils under WS exhibited the highest enzyme activities followed by the OMS and then by CMS, with special regard to invertase activity. The relative abundance data indicated that Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the dominant bacterial classes in orchards under OMS and CMS, while Bacilli were more prevalent under WS. Among AMF, Claroideoglomus was notably abundant in soils under OMS in Ayabe and Wachi. The bacterial richness, here represented by the number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and Shannon-Wiener index (SW) indicated that it was higher under OMS than under conventional management systems (CMS) in certain areas. Predicted metabolic functions highlighted greater values to those related to nitrogen cycling activity in OMS-managed soils, whereas the majority of those representing the carbon cycling was more pronounced under WS followed by the OMS. The study also identified relationships between specific enzyme activities and microbial community composition, which were influenced by OMS practices. This research provides valuable insights into the impacts of different cultivation practices on soil health, emphasizing the importance of sustainable agricultural management for maintaining soil ecosystems. Bacterial richness represented by the number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) (A) per 7000 sequences and Shannon-Wiener index (B) genus in four locations under three cultivation systems. Error bars represent standard errors (SE). - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Assessment of soil EC variation and its influence on crop productivity in plastic film greenhouse
- Myung-sook Kim, Tae-Gu Lee, Eun-jin Lee, Ha-il Jung, Seung-Gyu Lee, Se-yeong Choi, Mi-Hwa Moon, Jin-Hee An
- Electrical conductivity (EC) is very important in improving soil quality and an crop production under plastic film greenhouse. To improve soil heath …
- Electrical conductivity (EC) is very important in improving soil quality and an crop production under plastic film greenhouse. To improve soil heath and crop yield, soil ions of influencing EC and their effects on crop yields were investigated. Soils were sampled from 20 spinaches (Spinacia oleracea), 13 tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and 18 green peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) farms of plastic film house. The results showed that average EC of spinach, tomato, and green pepper were 1.54 dS m-1, 4.09 dS m-1, and 3.49 dS m-1, respectively. EC of spinach and tomato showed a high correlation in the order of nitrate ion > chloride ion, and green pepper was that of chloride ion > potassium ion. EC ranges with high yields were 1.0 - 1.5 dS m-1, 1.0 - 2.0 dS m-1, and 2.5 - 3.5 dS m-1 for spinach, tomato, and green pepper, respectively. Crop’s salt tolerance increased as cation exchange capacity (CEC) improved. Salt tolerance of tomato and green pepper with root stocks increased compared to that suggested by Food Agriculture Organization (FAO), while that of spinach with seedlings did not increase much. To maintain EC optimum range, nutrient ions that increase EC be analyzed periodically, the corresponding amount of fertilizer should be decreased during cultivation, and salt removal activities sould be carried out. Comparison of crop tolerance to EC in farm and FAO with (a) spinach, (b) tomato, and (c) green pepper. - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Effect of black polyethylene mulching on soil temperature and water dynamics during onion and garlic cultivation using a weighable lysimeter
- Dong-hyun Kim, Jung-hun Ok, Min-kyeong Park, Seung-oh Hur, Jeong-woo Son
- Under winter cultivation, onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) are exposed to low-temperature stress and …
- Under winter cultivation, onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) are exposed to low-temperature stress and soil water stress during transplant establishment, overwintering, and regrowth in early spring. These stresses are directly linked to temperature drops and water loss in the root zone, and can lead to delayed initial growth and reduced establishment rate. Mulching is a method that buffers nighttime cooling of the soil and suppresses surface evaporation, thereby extending the retention of moisture in the topsoil. In this study, we monitored onion and garlic using weighable lysimeters filled with a silty clay loam soil. For each season, two treatments were established: no mulching and black PE (polyethylene). Soil water content (%) and soil temperature (°C) were continuously measured at 10 cm and 30 cm depths. In lysimeters, black PE mulching consistently increased soil water content and stabilized root-zone temperature. At 10 cm depth, mean volumetric water content was 20 - 22% without mulching and 24 - 29% with mulching. At 30 cm, it also increased slightly during the cropping season. Mulching tended to buffer nighttime cooling and reduced the daily soil temperature range at 10 cm (about 5.0 - 5.5°C no mulching, 4.2 - 5.0°C mulching), indicating lower thermal stress during winter onion and garlic cultivation. These results demonstrate that, in silty clay loam soil, black PE mulching increases the availability and retention of water in the root during winter cultivation of onion and garlic, while simultaneously buffering the root zone thermal regime by moderating nighttime cooling and reducing daily range of soil temperature variation. This suggests that plastic mulching in winter season should be considered not only as a weed-control material, but as an environmental stabilization method that provides both water retention and thermal buffering for overwintered crops. Summary of soil water content metrics in lysimeters during the onion and garlic growing season. Daily average SWC1 at 10 cm (%) Daily average SWC at 30 cm (%) S12 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 Onion No mulching 23.1 22.5 22.2 36.1 36.4 35.4 Mulching 30.6 30.8 27.2 37.3 37.1 37.0 Garlic No mulching 21.4 20.4 18.9 26.5 24.8 24.6 Mulching 25.1 24.9 21.7 33.5 32.0 28.4 Values are the means of duplicates. 1SWC, soil water content. 2S1, before overwintering stage; S2, overwintering stage; S3, after overwintering stage. - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Effect of phyllite application as a soil amendment on soil chemical properties and crop growth
- Jae-Hyuk Park, Jin-Ju Yun, Jae-Hong Shim, Sang-Ho Jeon, Se-Won Kang, Ju-Sik Cho
- Clay minerals can be used as soil amendment to improve the physicochemical properties and increase the surface area and nutrient retention capacity …
- Clay minerals can be used as soil amendment to improve the physicochemical properties and increase the surface area and nutrient retention capacity of agricultural soil, thereby enhancing crop productivity. Clay minerals vary in surface area, particle size, and inorganic content depending on their type. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation of changes in soil chemical properties, crop growth, and nutrient uptake with the amount of clay mineral phyllite applied. For this, a greenhouse pot experiment, using lettuce and Kimchi cabbage as the target crops, was performed. The treatment groups were P0 (control, not treated with phyllite) and P10, P20, P30, and P40 (treated with 10, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha-1 of phyllite). All the groups were treated with N-P2O5-K2O corresponding to the standard fertilizer amount for each crop. Post-harvest soil analyses indicated that soil pH in the P10, P20, P30, and P40 treatments increased by 1.8%, 8.0%, 10.5%, and 14.1% respectively, relative to the untreated control. Exchangeable Ca increased by 11.4%, 11.4%, 24.5%, and 43.1%, respectively, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed corresponding increases of 6.2%, 1.0%, 2.2%, and 16.4% under the same treatments. Fresh weight of lettuce and Kimchi cabbage was 25.6 - 85.3 g plant-1 and 112.6 - 162.7 g plant-1, respectively, and leaf length was 13.8 - 20.3 cm plant-1, and 24.4 - 31.8 cm plant-1, respectively. Crop growth consistently increased with increasing phyllite application, and the 20 Mg ha-1 treatment produced a statistically significant response. Regardless of the crop, nutrient uptake increased as the amount of phyllite treatment increased, and T-N, T-P, and K2O uptake increased in the ranges of 0.56 - 125%, 13.4 - 182%, and 18.4 - 333%, respectively, compared to P0. Hence, phyllite, a clay mineral, is an effective organic material for agricultural land that can increase crop nutrient absorption and improve the physicochemical properties of soil. Fresh weight and post-harvest images of lettuce and Kimchi cabbage. - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Identification of soil factors driving yield variability in Baromi2 rice and complementary assessment using Sentinel-2 NDVI
- Dasom Jeon, Kyung-Do Lee
- Understanding the environmental factors governing yield variability is essential for stabilizing the productivity of the ‘Baromi2’ rice cultivar under diverse field conditions. …
- Understanding the environmental factors governing yield variability is essential for stabilizing the productivity of the ‘Baromi2’ rice cultivar under diverse field conditions. This study identified the dominant soil, topographic, and climatic drivers of Baromi2 yield variability across ten major production regions by integrating field-measured soil chemistry and meteorological datasets with Sentinel-2-derived vegetation indices. Pearson-Spearman correlation analysis, ariance inflation factor (VIF), filtered multiple linear regression (MLR), and Random Forest (RF) modeling with 5-fold group cross-validation were employed to evaluate the linear and nonlinear contributions of environmental predictors. The MLR model showed limited explanatory power (R2 = 0.53), indicating that linear approaches cannot fully capture complex soil-climate interactions. In contrast, the RF model achieved improved predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.62; RMSE = 27.8 kg 10a-1), and permutation importance analysis consistently identified soil Mg concentration and altitude as the most influential variables. Recursive feature elimination with cross-validation (RFECV) further demonstrated that these two variables alone produced optimal model performance, highlighting the combined effects of Mg accumulation and poor drainage in low-lying paddies as primary constraints on productivity. Partial dependence plots (PDP) confirmed sharp yield reductions at soil Mg > 1.5 cmolc kg-1 and Altitude < 10 m. In addition, the Sentinel-2-derived OffsetV index showed a positive correlation with yield (R2 = 0.52), effectively capturing canopy vigor and photosynthetic persistence under soil-induced stress. Overall, this study demonstrates that integrating soil Mg management, topographic drainage improvement, and satellite-based canopy monitoring provides a practical framework for mitigating yield instability in Baromi2 rice cultivation, particularly in reclaimed and other environmentally vulnerable landscapes. Nonlinear effects of soil Mg and altitude on Baromi2 yield. A critical effect occurs in low-lying areas (< 10 m) where Mg > 1.5 cmolc kg-1. - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Net CO2 removal in Korean orchard soils using prunings-derived biochar: effects of pyrolysis type and CH4 emissions in biochar production stage
- Kyung-Hwa Han, Min-Hyo Lim, Seok-In Yun
- This study evaluated the net carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (NCR) potential of a local circular system utilizing orchard-pruning residues for …
- This study evaluated the net carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (NCR) potential of a local circular system utilizing orchard-pruning residues for biochar production. The life-cycle system comprised six stages: residue collection and natural drying, chipping, transport of chipped residues, local biochar production, biochar transport, and biochar application to orchards. The analysis focused on the biochar production stage, comparing pyrolysis types (TLUD and rotary kiln) and methane (CH4) emission factors (combustion and feedstock moisture). The amount of orchard-pruning residues was estimated for each city and county based on fruit orchard area in 2022, fruit production, and biomass conversion factors. To determine the optimal temperature, pruning residues from apple, pear, and grape orchards were pyrolyzed at 400, 500, and 600°C. Based on the molar H/Corg ratio (a carbon stability indicator) and biochar yield, 500°C was identified as optimal. At this temperature, long-term (>100 years) CO2 sequestration was estimated to range from 0.66 to 0.72 t CO2-eq t-1- dry feedstock. NCR was calculated by subtracting life-cycle greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, derived from literature values, from the CO2 sequestration potential via biochar. National NCR of local biochar circular systems, assuming 10% utilization of potential orchard-pruning residues (apple, pear, grape) was estimated as follows: TLUD with CH4 combustion 43 kt CO2-eq > TLUD without CH4 combustion using dry feedstock (<15% moisture) 41 kt CO2-eq > rotary kiln with CH4 combustion 38 kt CO2-eq > rotary kiln without CH4 combustion 34 kt CO2-eq > TLUD without CH4 combustion using average-moisture feedstock 19 kt CO2-eq. The findings suggest that effective NCR in orchard-pruning biochar local cycles requires sufficient feedstock drying and pyrolysis systems equipped with CH4-oxidizing afterburners, particularly stationary rotary kilns or well-operated TLUD units. However, when natural drying cannot reduce feedstock moisture below 15%, forced drying may introduce additional GHG emissions from energy consumption, thereby reducing the overall NCR efficiency. Estimated net CO2 removal in orchard soils with biochar derived from 10% of apple, pear, and grape pruning residues at 500°C with different pyrolysis types and CH4 emission conditions. - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Evaluation of biochars derived from rice husk, wood chip, and cow manure: effects on soil properties and lettuce growth
- Ho Jin Jung, Young Kyu Hong, Jin Wook Kim, Jeong Min Lee, Sung Chul Kim
- This study evaluated the effects of biochars derived from different feedstocks on soil properties and the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa …
- This study evaluated the effects of biochars derived from different feedstocks on soil properties and the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Biochars produced from rice husk (RH), wood chips (WD), and cow manure (CM) were applied to soil at rates of 100, 200, 400, and 800 kg 10 a-1. Across the biochar treatments, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity generally increased compared with the control. In particular, the CM biochar produced the most pronounced increases in available phosphorus and pH, but it also elevated electrical conductivity (EC), indicating a potential risk of growth inhibition at higher application rates. In contrast, the RH biochar tended to slightly reduce EC as the application rate increased. The WD biochar showed the greatest growth response at the lowest application rate (100 kg 10 a-1), where the mean fresh weight of lettuce reached 80.4 g per plant. Regarding soil biological activity, soil respiration and urease activity increased under WD and CM treatments, whereas dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities generally decreased. These patterns may reflect nutrient imbalances or mild physiological stress in the soil environment. Overall, biochar application improved soil chemical and biological properties and promoted lettuce growth, but the effects differed depending on biochar feedstock and application rate. Therefore, appropriate soil management that considers biochar characteristics and application rates is required to improve soil quality and promote crop growth. Biochar from Agricultural Residues: Effects on Soil Functions and Lettuce Growth. - COLLAPSE
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Original research article
- Nitrous oxide emission from aerobic soils is controlled by ammonia oxidation processes rather than N application rates
- Min-Hyo Lim, Kyeong-Su Choi, Hyun-Jin Park, Seok-In Yun
- Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from aerobic soil are strongly controlled by the availability of ammonium (NH4+), a …
- Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from aerobic soil are strongly controlled by the availability of ammonium (NH4+), a substrate for microbially mediated ammonia oxidation processes, and its concentration can vary substantially depending on the level of nitrogen (N) input. In this study, the effects of N input level on soil inorganic N concentrations and cumulative N2O emissions under aerobic conditions were evaluated by applying ammonium sulfate at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg N kg-1. To maintain aerobic conditions, soil moisture content was adjusted to field capacity throughout a 51-day incubation at 25°C, and concentrations of inorganic N (NH4+-N and nitrate, NO3--N), soil pH, and N2O emissions were measured periodically. N2O emissions exhibited a distinct temporal pattern, with an early emission peak shortly after N application, followed by a gradual decline during incubation. Overall, N2O emissions increased with increasing N application rate and showed a proportional increase up to 200 mg N kg-1, with a slope of 0.53 (r2 = 0.99, P < 0.01, n = 4). However, at 300 mg N kg-1, no further increase in cumulative N2O emissions was observed (P > 0.05), which was attributed to excessive N input causing a decline in soil pH to inhibit N mineralization and nitrification. Linear regression analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between net nitrified N (expressed as the increase in NO3--N) and cumulative N2O emissions during the incubation period, with a slope of 0.57 (r2 = 0.98, P < 0.001, n = 5), indicating that N2O production is highly dependent on the extent of ammonia oxidation (nitrification). This study demonstrates that N2O emissions under aerobic soil conditions are quantitatively dependent on the amount of ammonium oxidized to nitrate, and that soil environmental conditions such as acidity regulate N2O emissions primarily by influencing substrate availability (i.e., NH4+) rather than directly controlling microbial N2O-producing pathways. N2O emissions is controlled by nitrification extent rather than N input rate. - COLLAPSE
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Short communication
- Effects of dried Pangola (Digitaria eriantha) mulching on Potato (Solanum tuberosum) yield and soil properties
- José Rafael Rodríguez Alonzo, Dayoung Kim, Dimas Liranzo, Naryeong Kang, Jae-Koo Kang, Seong-Bin Kim, Won-Il Kim
- The promotion of sustainable agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security in a world where climate change and resource depletion …
- The promotion of sustainable agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security in a world where climate change and resource depletion threaten agricultural productivity. Maintaining a healthy environment involves preventing soil erosion, maintaining fertility, efficiently using water resources, reducing water pollution, minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and preserving biodiversity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dried pangola mulching on potato growth and yield. Three treatments were compared: plastic film mulching (T1), a control (T2), and dried pangola mulching (T3). The T3 treatment demonstrated a 36% and 14% increase in yield compared to T1 and T2, respectively, due to improved soil moisture retention, improved soil structure, and enhanced root zone temperature regulation. Specifically, T3 had a lower average temperature of 23.38°C, followed by T1 with 26.02°C and T2 obtained a higher average temperature with 27.29°C in the soils. This management approach is expected to enhance stable agricultural productivity, reduce dependence on external inputs, and enhance resilience to climate change. Economic Efficiency (Benefic/Cost ratio) comparing with different covering treatments. Treatment Yield (kg ha-1) Sale price (RD$ kg-1) Benefit (RD$ ha-1) Costs (RD$ ha-1) Economic efficiency-1) T1 (Film) 33,914 44 1,492,216 815,824 0.83 T2 (Control) 40,446 44 1,779,624 729,943 1.44 T3 (Pangola) 45,960 44 2,022,240 724,142 1.79 - COLLAPSE
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Short communication
- Changes in soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass carbon by fertilization method during open-field ginger cultivation
- Eun-Su Song, Seung-Beom Lee, Jeong-Woo Son, Kyung-Hwa Han, Jin-Hyeob Kwak
- While fertilizer application is known to affect soil biota, comparative studies on the effects of different fertilization methods, such as conventional chemical …
- While fertilizer application is known to affect soil biota, comparative studies on the effects of different fertilization methods, such as conventional chemical fertilizer (CF) and surface drip fertigation (SDF), are not well studied. Therefore, this study evaluated changes in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and the activities of three soil enzymes (β-1,4-glucosidase, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase) under control, MF, and SDF treatments in an open-field ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) cultivation. Soil samples were collected 61 days (early growth) and 179 days (harvest) after ginger transplanting (DAT). Results showed no statistically significant differences in MBC and the three enzyme activities at either the early growth (61 DAT) or harvest (179 DAT) stages between the CF and SDF methods. However, at harvest (179 DAT), all three enzyme activities were significantly higher in the unfertilized control than in the MF and SDF treatments. This suggests that the distinct effects of fertilization methods on MBC and enzyme activities may be offset by the time elapsed between application and sampling. Furthermore, the low nutrient availability in the control plot appears to have stimulated microbial nutrient acquisition, thereby promoting enzyme production. While the fertilization method (conventional vs. fertigation) did not significantly affect soil microbial biomass or enzyme activity, the unfertilized control plot showed significantly higher enzyme activity at harvest (179 DAT). - COLLAPSE
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Short communication
- Evaluation of soil chemical properties by land-use type and regional variation in agricultural soils of Chungcheongnam-do
- Yeo-Uk Yun, Jeong Su Lee, Seon Joong Kim, Yun-Gi Cho, Jin Il Lee, Gwan Hou Kim, Jae-Han Lee, Tae-Gu Lee
- Sustainable agriculture relies on maintaining optimal soil chemical properties, including pH, nutrient availability, and salinity. Although intensive farming and long-term fertilizer application …
- Sustainable agriculture relies on maintaining optimal soil chemical properties, including pH, nutrient availability, and salinity. Although intensive farming and long-term fertilizer application have increased crop yields, these practices often induce nutrient imbalances, particularly elevated N and P levels, which may lead to environmental deterioration. This study evaluated nutrient imbalances in paddy and upland soils across 15 districts in Chungcheongnam-do. A total of 21,003 soil samples were collected from 2022 to 2024 and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), available phosphorus, and exchangeable cations. Results revealed distinct differences between land-use types. Paddy soils exhibited a lower average pH (6.2), and 62.9% of samples were below the optimal OM range, whereas 49.7% exceeded the recommended level of exchangeable potassium (Ex. K). Elevated EC values in several paddy soils reflected localized salinity accumulation. Upland soils exhibited excessive available phosphate at 536.9 mg kg-1 and elevated exchangeable cations. Strong positive correlations among EC, exchangeable cations, OM, and available phosphate in upland soils highlighted structural nutrient redundancy. These findings demonstrate that nutrient distribution is strongly influenced by land use type and management practices. Implementation of site-specific nutrient prescriptions is therefore essential to optimize fertilizer inputs, improve nutrient use efficiency, and mitigate environmental impacts, thereby supporting precision agriculture and sustainable crop production. Frequency distribution of chemical properties in paddy and upland soils based on optimal ranges. - COLLAPSE
Journal Informaiton
Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer
한국토양비료학회
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Tel: +82-63-226-7335 / Fax: +82-63-226-7335 / E-mail: ksssf733@naver.com Copyright© Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer. Powered by APUB
Tel: +82-63-226-7335 / Fax: +82-63-226-7335 / E-mail: ksssf733@naver.com Copyright© Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer. Powered by APUB
