Pollution Load Index for Heavy Metals of Agricultural Soils Adjacent to Industrial Complexes in the Jeon-Buk Regions of Korea

Sorakon Suwanmanon; Ki In Kim

doi:10.7745/KJSSF.2021.54.3.311

All Issue

2021 Vol.54, Issue 3 Preview Page Next Page

Original research article

Pollution Load Index for Heavy Metals of Agricultural Soils Adjacent to Industrial Complexes in the Jeon-Buk Regions of Korea

31 August 2021. pp. 311-321

PDF XML

Abstract

Monitoring heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils close to industrial complexes plays a critical role in ascertaining the safe agricultural environment in Korea and its product qualities. Objective of this study was to assess the heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils close to industrial complexes. Fifteen industrial complexes in 7 counties in Jeon-Buk Province (Gochang, Iksan, Jeongeup, Gimje, Imsil, Jangsu, and Wanju) were selected for monitoring soil heavy metal concentrations in 2019. The soil samples were analyzed for 7 heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) within 500 meter and 1,000 meter radius at each industrial complex boundaries. Heavy metal concentrations in soils ranged from 0.3 to 8.0 mg kg^-1 for As, from 0.2 to 1.5 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 1.7 to 62.9 mg kg^-1 for Cr, from 1.4 to 22.5 mg kg^-1 for Ni, from 4.1 to 26.0 mg kg^-1 for Pb, from 0.0 to 1.4 mg kg^-1 for Hg, and from 25.9 to 283.5 mg kg^-1 for Zn. Heavy metal concentrations in soils were lower than the levels of Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS). The pollution index (PI) values of all seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 for top and sub soils indicating that these soils are not polluted. The pollution load index (PLI) values using 7 heavy metals at each county ranged from 0.10 to 0.24 for top and sub soils and the number was categorized into Group 2 which is unpolluted. These results suggested that monitored agricultural soils near industrial complexes in Jeon-Buk province in 2019 were unpolluted by heavy metals and safe for agricultural activities.

Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils near the industrial complexes in Jeon-Buk Province in Korea.

Element	As		Cd		Cr		Cu		Hg		Ni		Pb		Zn
Element	--------------------------------------------------------------------------- (mg kg^-1) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil depth	Top	Sub	Top	Sub	Top	Sub	Top	Sub	Top	Sub	Top	Sub	Top	Sub	Top	Sub
Average	3.1	3.0	0.9	0.8	14.8	14.7	16.4	15.2	0.01	0.01	9.9	9.7	12.3	12.2	73.1	68.2
Min.	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	1.8	1.8	3.7	3.4	0.00	0.00	1.4	1.5	4.6	4.2	25.9	31.4
Max.	8.1	8.0	1.6	1.3	48.9	63.0	45.7	43.1	0.04	0.04	22.3	22.5	25.6	26.1	283.5	199.0
Stdev.	1.7	1.6	0.2	0.2	7.4	7.8	8.4	7.5	0.01	0.01	4.8	4.6	3.7	3.5	29.6	23.3
C.V. (%)	53.7	53.9	27.8	26.6	50.1	53.2	51.4	49.2	140.2	140.7	48.3	47.3	29.9	29.1	40.5	34.2
Kurtosis	-0.6	-0.6	-0.2	-0.6	1.8	8.5	2.0	2.6	3.0	6.2	-0.5	-0.5	0.6	1.5	17.5	7.4
Skewness	0.4	0.4	0.2	-0.1	0.8	1.6	1.3	1.4	1.7	2.1	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.6	3.1	2.0
SCWS^† limit	25		4		n/a		150		4		100		200		300
Number of above SCWS	0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0

Min., minimum; Max., maximum; Stdev., standard deviation; C.V., coefficients variations.

^†Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS) from Ministry of Environment (MOE) in Korea.

Keywords

Agricultural field

Heavy metal

Pollution index

Pollution load index

Soil contamination warning standard

Soil pollution index

References

Abdul, K.S.M., S.S. Jayasinghe, E.P.S. Chandana, C. Jayasumana, and P.M.C.S. Silva. 2015. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 40:828-846. 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.01626476885

Ahmadi, M., S. Jorfi, A. Azarmansuri, N. Jaafarzadeh, A.H. Mahvi, R.D.C.S. Soltani, H. Akbari, and R. Akhbarizadeh. 2017. Zoning of heavy metal concentrations including Cd, Pb and As in agricultural soils of Aghili plain, Khuzestan province, Iran. Data Brief 14:20-27. 10.1016/j.dib.2017.07.00828761913PMC5522919

Akoto, O., J.H. Ephraim, and G. Darko. 2008. Heavy metals pollution in surface soils in the vicinity of abundant railway servicing workshop in Kumasi, Ghana. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2:359-364.

Angulo, E. 1996. The Tomlinson Pollution Load Index applied to heavy metal, “Mussel-Watch” data: a useful index to assess coastal pollution. Sci. Total Environ. 187:19-56. 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05128-5

Duruibe, J.O., M.O.C. Ogwuegbu, and J.N. Egwurugwu. 2007. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. Int. J. Phys. Sci. 2:112-118.

Google Maps. 2019. https://www.google.com/maps/

Hakanson, L. 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res. 14:975-1001. 10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8

Holmgren, G.G.S., M.W. Meyer, R. Chaney, and R.B. Daniels. 1993. Cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and nickel in agricultural soils of the United States of America. J. Environ. Qual. 22:335-348. 10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020015x

Järup, L. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br. Med. Bull. 68:167-182. 10.1093/bmb/ldg03214757716

Johansson, S.A. and J.L. Campbell. 1998. “PIXE: A novel technique for elements analysis”. Campbell’s first book on PIXEL. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

Jolly, Y.N., A. Islam, and S. Akbar. 2013. Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables and possible health risk assessment. SpringerPlus 2:385. 10.1186/2193-1801-2-38524010043PMC3755813

Jorfi, S., R. Maleki, N. Jaajarzadeh, and M. Ahmadi. 2017. Pollution load index for heavy metals in Mian-Ab plain soil, Khuzestan, Iran. Data Brief 15:584-590. 10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.01729071297PMC5653243

Jung, G.B., J.S. Lee, W.I. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.D. Shin, and S.G. Yun. 2005. Fractionation and potential mobility of heavy metals in tailings and paddy soils near abandoned metalliferous mines. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 38:259-268.

Karaca, A., S.C. Certin, O.C. Turgay, and R. Kizilkaya. 2010. Effects of heavy metals on soil enzyme activities. p. 237-265. In I. Sherameti and A. Varma (eds.) Soil heavy metals, Soil biology, Vol. 19, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. 10.1007/978-3-642-02436-8_11

Kim, D.J., J.H. Park, and J.H. Lee. 2016. Assessment of selected heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils around industrial complexes in southwestern areas of Korea. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 49:524-530. 10.7745/KJSSF.2016.49.5.524

Kim, Y.G., H.H. Lee, H.J. Park, and C.O. Hong. 2018. Assessment of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soils near industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces of South Korea. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 51:128-141.

Kloke, A. 1979. Content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, lead, mercury, and nickel in plants grown on contaminated soils. p. 51-53. In Proceedings of the United Nations-ECE Symposium, Geneva, Swiss.

Kong, X.B. 2014. China must protect high-quality arable land. Nature 506(7486):7. 10.1038/506007a24499883

Kwon, S.I., G.B. Jung, W.I. Kim, S.C. Hong, M.K. Kim, M.J. Chae, and K.H. So. 2013. Background metal concentrations of the soil by parent rocks in Korea. p. 309. In Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture Conference, Jeongseon, Korea.

Lambert, M., B.A. Leven, and R.M. Green, 2000. New methods of cleaning up heavy metal in soils and water. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Lee, T.G., M.S. Kong, E.J. Lee, H.I. Jung, Y.H. Kim, G.B. Jung, J.E. Yang, S.C. Kim, G.I. Kim, G.R. Kim, and M.J. Chae. 2019. Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the arable soils near industrial complexes in Gangwon, Chungnam, Jeonnam, and Gyeongnam Provinces of South Korea. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 52:541-550.

Lee, Y.H., S.T. Lee, J.Y. Heo, M.G. Kim, K.P. Hong, E.S. Kim, W.D. Song, C.W. Rho, J.H. Lee, W.T. Jeon, B.G. Ko, K.A. Roh, and S.K. Ha. 2010. Monitoring of heavy metal contents from paddy soil in Gyeongnam Province. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 43:289-295.

Liao, G. and W. Chao. 2004. Assessment of heavy metallic ions pollution for a river near a metal mine. J. Min. Metall. 13:86-90.

Min, K.J., Y.K. Hong, W.S. Choi, D.B. Kim, and S.C. Kim. 2016. Assessment of heavy metal (loid) pollution using pollution index in agricultural field adjacent to industrial area. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 49:768-775. 10.7745/KJSSF.2016.49.6.768

MOE. 2016. Soil environment conservation act. Ministry of Environment, Sejong, Korea.

Morais, S., F.G. Costa, and M.L. Pereira. 2012. Heavy metals and human health. p. 227-246. In J. Oosthuizen (ed). Environmental Health - Emerging Issues and Practice. IntechOpen, Rijeka, Croatia. 10.5772/29869

NIAST. 1998. The analysis of soil and plant. National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, Korea.

Prakash, S. and A.K. Verma. 2021. Arsenic: It’s toxicity and impact on human health. Int. J. Biol. Innovations 3: 38-47. 10.46505/IJBI.2021.3102

Roudposhti, G.M., A. Karbassi, and A. Baghvand. 2016. A pollution index for agricultural soils. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 62:1411-1424. 10.1080/03650340.2016.1154542

Sutherland, R.A. 1999. Distribution of organic carbon in bed sediments of Manoa Stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 24:571-583. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199907)24:7<571::AID-ESP975>3.0.CO;2-F

Suwanmanon, S. and K. Kim. 2019. Heavy metals and pollution index of agricultural soils around industrial complexes in the Jeon-Buk regions of Korea. Korean J. Agric. Sci. 46:799-811.

Vulava, V.M, B.R. James, and A. Torrents. 1997. Copper solubility in Myersville B horizon soil in the presence of DTPA. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:44-52. 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010008x

Wang, Z., L. Chai, Z. Yang, Y. Wang, and H. Wang. 2010. Identifying sources and assessing potential risk of heavy metals in soils from direct exposure to children in a mine-impacted city, Changsha, China. J. Environ. Qual. 39:1616-1623. 10.2134/jeq2010.000721043267

Wu, J., Y. Teng, S. Lu, Y. Wang, and X. Jiao. 2014. Evaluation of soil contamination indices in a mining area of Jiangxi, China. PLoS One 9: e112917. 10.1371/journal.pone.011291725397401PMC4232596

Wu, Y.G., Y.N. Xu, J.H. Zhang, and S.H. Hu. 2010. Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, Shaanxi, China. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 20:688-694. 10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60199-0

Yoon, J.K., D.H. Kim, T.S. Kim, J.G. Park, I.R. Chung, J.H. Kim, and H. Kim. 2009. Evaluation on natural background of the soil heavy metals in Korea. J. Soil Groundwater Environ. 14:32-39.

Yun, S.G., M.J. Chae, Y.H. Kim, M.S. Kong, H.I. Jung, S.C. Kim, M.S. Kim, S.J. Park, C.H. Kee, J.E. Yang, S.C. Kim, G.I. Kim, G.R. Kim, and G.B. Jung. 2018. Evaluation on heavy metal contents in agricultural soils around industrial complexes in Korea. Korean J. Environ. Agric. 37:141-145. 10.5338/KJEA.2018.37.2.16

Information

Publisher :Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer
Publisher(Ko) :한국토양비료학회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
Journal Title(Ko) :한국토양비료학회 학회지
Volume : 54
No :3
Pages :311-321
Received Date : 2021-07-21
Revised Date : 2021-08-23
Accepted Date : 2021-08-25
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2021.54.3.311

Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer ISSN:0367-6315(Print) 2288-2162(Online) 한국토양비료학회 학회지

All Issue