All Issue

2025 Vol.58, Issue 4

Original research article

Chemical characteristics of agricultural groundwater with different land use type and season in Gyeong-buk Province from 2021 to 2024
Jong-Hee Shin1*
,
Yeon-Gyu Jeong2
,
Hye-Rin Jeong2
,
Yong-Chan Kim2
,
Jung-Gi Ryu1
1Senior Researcher, Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Daegu 41404, Korea
2Researcher, Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Daegu 41404, Korea
*Corresponding Author
30 November 2025. pp. 423-431
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

To determine the suitability of groundwater quality for agricultural use in the Gyeong-buk Province, the chemical properties of groundwater were analyzed from 2021 to 2024. pH, electric conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), chloride ion (Cl-), sodium (N), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) were measured in April and July every year and analyzed by land use type. Ca and T-P showed little differences regardless of the type of land use. The T-N in upland fields was lower compared to other land use types, but the pH was higher. The concentrations of Cl-, Na, Mg, K, and Ca in groundwater were highest in the greenhouse fields, but there was no clear differences between year-to-year or April and July. NO3-N and Cl- concentrations maintained good water quality that did not exceed the agricultural groundwater standard for four years. The pH also met agricultural standards during the survey period, as it recorded pH 5.8, below the standard, at just one point of the water sample taken from green house in April 2023. The results obtained in the study implying that agricultural groundwater in Gyeong-buk Province was generally suitable for agricultural purpose.

Correlation between chemical properties and EC of agricultural groundwater by land use type in Gyeong-buk Province.
NO3-N T-N T-P Cl- Ca K Mg Na
EC-Paddy 0.40* 0.41** 0.12 0.91** 0.85** -0.39* 0.53** 0.83**
EC-Upland 0.14 0.22 -0.23 0.69** 0.94** -0.23 0.72** 0.63**
EC-Green house 0.50** 0.51** 0.26* 0.68** 0.93** 0.58** 0.70** 0.68**
Keywords
Groundwater quality
Quality standard
References
1

Choi H, Koh DC, Yoon YY. 2023. Spatial investigation of water quality and estimation of groundwater pollution along the main stream in the Geum River Basin, Korea. Environ. Geochem. Health. 45:6387-6406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01643-3

10.1007/s10653-023-01643-337312004PMC10403451
2

FAO. 1977. Water quality for agriculture. FAO/UN29 Rev. 1:174.

3

Ichiki A, Yamada K. 1999. Study on characteristics of pollutant runoff into lake Biwa Japan. Wat. Sci Technol. 39:17-25.

10.2166/wst.1999.0524
4

Jang H, Kim JS, Kim YH, Song CM. 2011. Characteristics of nutrient concentrations in groundwater under paddy and upland fields. J. Korean Soc. Agric. Eng. 53:67-74. https://doi.org/10.5389/KSAE.2011.53.6.067

10.5389/KSAE.2011.53.6.067
5

Jung ET, Park NS, Cho KW. 2017. Composite model for seawater intrusion in groundwater and soil salinization due to sea level rise. J. Korea Water Resour. Assoc. 50:387-395. https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2017.50.6.387

10.3741/JKWRA.2017.50.6.387
6

Jung GB, Jeong JW, Kim BM, Yu JH, Cho YG, Kim YJ, Lee SY, Shin JH, Jin YM, et al. 2024. Evaluation of water quality status and irrigation water suitability of agricultural groundwater in Korea. 2024 Korean Society of Soil Sci. and Fert. Jeju. Korea. 172. (Abstr.)

7

Jung YS, Yang JE, Joo YK, Lee JY, Park YS, Choi MH, Choi SC. 1997. Water quality of stream and agricultural wells related to different agricultural practices in small catchments of the Han river basin. The Koran Society of Environ. Agric. 16:199-205.

8

Jung YS, Yang JE, Kim BY. 1997. Current status of agricultural water quality, diffuse pollution problem and improvement in Korea. ‘97. Symposium on Agricultural Environment, The Korean Society of Environ. Agric. 79-84.

9

Kim BM, Kim DM, Hong SY, Hong SY, Kim KS, Seo YH. 2024. Chemical characteristics of agricultural groundwater with different land use type, period, and season in Gangwon province from 2021 to 2023. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 57:426-432. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2024.57.4.426

10.7745/KJSSF.2024.57.4.426
10

Kim HJ, Hamm SY, Kim NH, Cheong JY, Lee JH, Jang S. 2009. Characteristics of groundwater contamination caused by seawater intrusion and agricultural activity in Sacheon and Hadong areas, Republic of Korea. Econ. 432. Korean J. Soil Sci. and Fert. 57, 2024 Environ. Geol. 42:575-589.

10.7745/KJSSF.2024.57.4.426
11

Kim IB. 1998. Water pollution in relation to agriculture. Korean J. Environ. Agric. 7:153-169.

12

Kim JH, Choi CM, Lee JS, Yun SG, Lee JT, Cho KR, Lim SJ, Choi SC, Lee GJ, Kwon YS, et al. 2008. Characteristics of groundwater quality for agricultural irrigation in plastic film house using multivariate analysis. Korean J. Environ. Agric. 21:1-9. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2008.27.1.001

10.5338/KJEA.2008.27.1.001
13

Lee JG, Park MH, Kim MS, Lee TG, Jung HI, Lee SG, Baek SH, Lee EJ. 2023. Temporal trends in available phosphorus across four types of agricultural fields from 2013 to 2020. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 56:365-374. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2023.56.4.365

10.7745/KJSSF.2023.56.4.365
14

Lee ST, Kim ES, Song WD, Kim JH, Kim MK, Lee YH. 2012. Characteristics in chemical properties of agricultural groundwater in Gyeongnam Province. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 45:698-703. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2012.45.5.698

10.7745/KJSSF.2012.45.5.698
15

NAS (National Institute of Agricultural Sciences). 2006. Theory and practice of water quality analysis for agricultural water. RDA, Wanju, Korea.

16

NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 2023. The test methods of pollutions process in water quality. ME, Sejong, Korea.

17

Woo NC, Kim HD, Lee KS, Park WB, Koh GW, Moon YS. 2001. Interpretation of groundwater system and contamination by water-quality monitoring in the Daejung watershed, Jeju Island. Econ. Environ. Geol. 34:485-498.

18

Yeob SJ, Goo BJ, Lee BM, Jeong JW, Kim MG, Yu JH, Cho YG, Park NY, Lee SY, Shin JH, et al. 2025. Evaluation of long-term water quality trends and CCME-WQI applicability in agricultural water sheds of Korea. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 58:240-250. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2025.58.2.240

10.7745/KJSSF.2025.58.2.240
19

Yoon HS, Bae GO, Lee KK. 2012. Quantification and evaluation of groundwater quality grade by using statistical approaches. J. Soil Groundwater Environ. 17:23-32. https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2012.17.1.022

10.7857/JSGE.2012.17.1.022
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국토양비료학회
  • Journal Title :Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국토양비료학회 학회지
  • Volume : 58
  • No :4
  • Pages :423-431
  • Received Date : 2025-05-30
  • Revised Date : 2025-08-23
  • Accepted Date : 2025-09-09
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2025.58.4.423
Journal Informaiton Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
KJSSF Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref crossmark
  • crossref cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close