• Editorial

    Announcement of new article formats for KJSSF
    Woo-Jung Choi, Seok-In Yun, Won-Pyo Park, Jin-Hyeob Kwak
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    29 February 2024

  • Original research article

    Evaluation of nutrient loading technique potential of domestic tree species to promote forestation
    Seung-Beom Lee, Yerim Oh, Nuri Baek, Seo-Woo Park, Eun-Seo Shin, Woo-Jung Choi, Jin-Hyeob Kwak
    Reclaimed lands, including reclaimed tidelands, usually have poor soil conditions, such as low nutrient and organic matter contents and poor soil structures, … + READ MORE
    Reclaimed lands, including reclaimed tidelands, usually have poor soil conditions, such as low nutrient and organic matter contents and poor soil structures, which hamper adaptation and survival of newly transplanted tree seedlings. Nutrient loading technique is the concept of accumulating more nutrient in plant parts while maintaining biomass, which can increase growth and survival rates after transplanting in nutrient poor soils. However, possibility of nutrient loading on domestic tree species has not been evaluated in Korea. This study was conducted to test and select the optimum nutrient loading models for domestic tree species. Three nutrient loading models, including conventional (constant fertilizer dose), exponential (increasing fertilizer dose as exponential curve), and modified exponential (exponential increase but compensate initial fertilization), were tested for three tree species; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, and Zelkova serrata. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse from June to September in 2020, and selected amount of fertilizer was applied weekly. Three seedlings were collected randomly every 4 weeks in each tree species and nutrient loading model, and dry matter and nitrogen (N) concentration in each part, including root, stem, and leaf, were analyzed, and seeding height was measured. Seedling height was not different with nutrient loading models for all tree species. For P. thunbergii, dry matter and N content were the highest with the conventional and modified exponential models, and for Q. acutissima and Z. serrata, the modified exponential model was the best. The modified exponential model resulted in the highest nutrient loading efficiency due to the compensation of N supply at the beginning of growing stage and the higher N supply rates at the late growing stage compared to the conventional model. However, survival rate of seedlings for exponential model decreased after middle growing stage because of toxicity of excessive N fertilization due to rapid supply of N. Therefore, diverse rate of N fertilization needs to be tested to select the optimum nutrient loading models for each species. Furthermore, field study is needed to test if nutrient loaded seedings grow better than conventional seedlings at poor soil condition lands. Concept and flow of the nutrient loading experiment with tree seedling for enhanced forestation of lands with poor soil fertility. - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024

  • Original research article

    Farm-level performance of the agro-environmental activities of the Agricultural Environment Conservation Program of Korea
    Hye-Jung Kang, Jin-Hyeob Kwak, Hyun-Jin Park, Nuri Baek, Han-Yong Kim, Woo-Jung Choi
    The Agricultural Environment Conservation Program (AECP) of the Korean government aims to protect the agricultural environment and ecosystem through reduction of the … + READ MORE
    The Agricultural Environment Conservation Program (AECP) of the Korean government aims to protect the agricultural environment and ecosystem through reduction of the uses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The AECP, which is consisted of individual (16 activities) and community (14 activities) activities, has been implemented in 2019, and thus it is necessary to evaluate the overall performance of the 30 activities to reform and advance the AECP. In this study, we studied farmers’ participation and effectiveness, difficulty, and preference of the activities by farmers through farm-level survey. Results showed that participation and preference for community activities to improve village living conditions and landscape were higher than individual activities such as nutrient management, soil erosion control, and pesticide reduction, which are directly associated with the conservation of agricultural environment and ecosystem. Therefore, we suggest that government’s support is needed to enhance individual activities on farmland rather than community activities. In addition, amongst the individual activities, the participation in and preference for the activities related to soil loss and nutrient runoff management and pesticide use reduction were lower than those for nutrient management activities probably due to difficulty in the practice of these activities. Therefore, more intensive education programs and additional funding to support the implementation of the activities for soil conservation and pesticide reduction are strongly necessary. To achieve goals of the AECP, more intensive education programs and additional funding to support the implementation of activities for soil conservation and pesticide reduction are strongly necessary. - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024

  • Original research article

    Methane emission from soil surface during rice growth season under different temperature, fertilization, and rice straw input conditions
    Eun-Seo Shin, Nuri Baek, Seo-Woo Park, Husna Israt Pia, Hyun-Jin Park, Han-Yong Kim, Woo-Jung Choi
    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields are major sources of methane (CH4) which is the second most important greenhouse gas … + READ MORE
    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields are major sources of methane (CH4) which is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Methane is known to be released mainly through aerenchyma tissues of rice plants; however, CH4 is also released from soil surface through ebullition and diffusion. However, little information is available for CH4 emission directly from soil surface (MDFS). In this study, in order to enlarge our understanding of CH4 emission from rice paddy fields, we investigated MDFS under different rice growth conditions such as temperature, fertilization, and rice straw input. Rice was cultivated using pots with different fertilization regime (chemical fertilizer vs. organic fertilizer + manure compost) with or without rice straw input under ambient or elevated (+3°C) temperature. Methane emissions from rice plants (including MDFS) and MDFS alone without rice plants were measured three times before mid-season drainage (MSD), in the course of MSD, and after MSD. The MDFS flux and its contribution to the total CH4 emissions was not affected by temperature, fertilization, and rice straw inputs across the rice growing season. The mean total CH4 flux and MDFS flux were 20.7 mg m-2 hr-1 and 0.22 mg m-2 hr-1, respectively, and thus the portion of MDFS to total CH4 emission was about 1%. However, MDFS flux in the early rice season increased by rice straw input and MDFS accounted for 5% of total CH4 emission, probably due to increased CH4 production by rice straw inputs at higher levels than the capacity of aerenchyma tissue to intake and transport the CH4 produced in the early rice season with low tiller number. Our result indicate that MDFS may substantially contribute to the total CH4 emission in the early season of rice cultivation with organic inputs. Direct emission of methane from soil surface is less than 1% of the total emission but increases up to 5% with rice straw application. - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024

  • Original research article

    Selecting indicator of soil properties to correlate with crop productivity in organic farming system
    Young Kyu Hong, Jin Wook Kim, Kyeong Min Lee, Dong Ju Lee, Cho Rong Lee, Sung Chul Kim
    Organic farming has been awarded as an eco-friendly agricultural practice and soil properties are closely related to crop productivity in organic farming … + READ MORE
    Organic farming has been awarded as an eco-friendly agricultural practice and soil properties are closely related to crop productivity in organic farming system. The main purpose of this study was to examine the physicochemical and biological properties of soil in organic farming and to find closely correlated soil parameters among varied soil properties. Result showed that physicochemical and biological properties of soil in organic farming was generally optimum range for crop production. When soil properties in organic farming was compared to conventional farming, lower bulk density and higher porosity, soil pH, organic matter contents, and cation exchange capacity were observed in organic farming system. Consequently, those soil properties are highly correlated to pepper yield in organic farming although, no biological soil properties are highly correlated to pepper production. This result may indicate that management of physicochemical properties of soil in organic farming system is more important than management of biological properties in soil. However, this study only used limited soil samples and more soil sample analysis in organic farming system should be conducted for comprehensive understanding between soil properties and crop productivity in organic farming system. Among varied soil properties, bulk density, porosity, soil pH, soil organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity are highly correlated to pepper yield in organic farming system. - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024

  • Short communication

    Temporal variation in soil physical properties of paddy fields in Jeonnam province
    Kyungjin Kwak, Hyeonji Kim, Sungwoo Kim, Soyoun Lee, Gilho Shin, Jinwoo Lee, Seungoh Hur
    Rice cultivation is so important that the rice paddy area of Jeollanam-do accounts for 21% of the rice paddy area nationwide. Therefore, … + READ MORE
    Rice cultivation is so important that the rice paddy area of Jeollanam-do accounts for 21% of the rice paddy area nationwide. Therefore, scientific investigation and evaluation of the soil environment of agricultural land are needed for the stable production of agricultural products and conservation of agricultural environmental resources. This study was conducted to investigate the physical characteristics of rice paddy soil at 40 points in Jeollanam-do region in one cycle of 4 years (2015 - 2023) and to use it as basic data for sustainable agricultural soil maintenance. The soil physical property investigation includes plowing depth, bulk density, porosity, hardness, and organic matter content. The topography of 87.5% of the paddy soil in Jeollanam-do is valley/alluvial fan and river alluvium. The plowing depth tends to be highest in mountain foot. The bulk density of the sub-surface soil was highest in the river alluvium, and the hardness was also highest in the river alluvium. The organic matter content of topsoil and sub-surface soil showed the highest value in the fluvio-marine deposit and the lowest value in the river alluvium. The physical properties of the paddy soil by survey period tends to gradually improve after 2019. The bulk density of the topsoil continued to decrease, and the porosity tended to continuously increase. Organic matter in the topsoil decreased after 2015 and then slightly increased again, while organic matter in the sub-surface soil continued to increase. In addition, rice straw reduction and feed crop cultivation sites in paddy soils have increased since 2015. Therefore, it indicates that continuous organic matter supply is very important not only for soil physicality improvement but also for organic carbon storage. Soil physical properties of paddy soils by topography. Topography Soil layer PD1 (cm) BD2 (Mg m-3) Porosity (%) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Hardness (mm) OM3 (g kg-1) Mountain foot TS4 17.3 (1.3) 1.24 (0.08) 53.3 (3.0) 37.2 (25.0) 41.5 (11.0) 21.3 (14.0) 　 28.9 (5.3) SS5 1.47 (0.05) 44.8 (1.7) 18.7 (4.1) 50.2 (5.7) 31.1 (8.0) 20.4 (0.7) 17.6 (7.8) Valley/ Alluvial fan TS 17.2 (2.1) 1.17 (0.02) 55.7 (0.8) 36.4 (2.6) 43.1 (3.2) 20.5 (3.7) 　 29.3 (1.9) SS 1.45 (0.10) 45.2 (3.7) 38.8 (3.2) 40.5 (5.9) 20.7 (3.6) 19.5 (3.5) 19.4 (4.8) River alluvium TS 16.6 (1.8) 1.16 (0.00) 56.3 (0.1) 40.3 (2.1) 41.9 (3.2) 17.8 (1.2) 　 28.9 (3.2) SS 1.50 (0.05) 43.5 (2.0) 39.7 (0.4) 41.6 (3.7) 18.8 (3.5) 21.0 (2.5) 17.5 (2.0) Fluvio-marine deposit TS 17.2 (2.1) 1.11 (0.11) 58.3 (3.9) 21.2 (4.6) 54.6 (5.6) 24.2 (1.2) 　 33.3 (3.0) SS 1.47 (0.13) 44.4 (4.8) 17.5 (9.8) 56.6 (2.7) 25.9 (7.6) 20.2 (1.5) 23.2 (11.6) Diluvial deposit TS 16.9 (3.0) 1.15 (0.07) 56.7 (2.6) 32.5 (3.0) 44.5 (5.1) 23.0 (2.1) 　 28.8 (4.0) SS 1.40 (0.14) 47.1 (5.2) 37.0 (3.0) 41.0 (4.4) 22.0 (7.3) 20.3 (2.9) 20.2 (10.6) 1PD, plowing depth; 2BD, bulk density; 3OM, organic matter; 4TS, topsoil; 5SS, sub-surface soil. Data are overall means (standard deviation) of survey points by topography in 2015, 2019, and 2023. - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024

  • Short communication

    Effect of Protaetia brevitarsis larval frass fertilizer on the growth of ginseng sprout (Panax ginseng) in commercial potting soil
    Jong-Won Kim, Sung-Mun Bea, Ji-Hye Park, Da-Hyun Jang, Yeon-Hyeon Hwang, Young-Gwang Kim, Young Han Lee
    The insect frass fertilizers are considered eco-friendly fertilizer due to their low heavy metals content and adequate contents of macronutrients, secondary nutrients, … + READ MORE
    The insect frass fertilizers are considered eco-friendly fertilizer due to their low heavy metals content and adequate contents of macronutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients. Protaetia brevitarsis larval frass (PBF) can provide nutrients that contribute to increased crop productivity. This paper presents the determination of an optimum application rate of PBF for ginseng sprout growth in commercial potting soil. Ginseng was seeded in four different media including commercial potting soil (control), a mixture of 10% PBF, 30% perlite, and 60% cocopeat (PBF 10%), a mixture of 20% PBF, 30% perlite, and 50% cocopeat (PBF 20%), and a mixture of 30% PBF, 30% perlite, and 40% cocopeat (PBF 30%). The results showed that germination rates for all PBF treatments were significantly higher than the control. Additionally, plant height and leaf length of ginseng sprouts were significantly higher in the PBF 20% and PBF 10% treatments compared to the control and PBF 30% treatments. Electrical conductivity of the potting soil with PBF was significantly correlated with plant height, stem length, and root dry weight (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that applying PBF at a rate of 20% is ideal for promoting ginseng sprout growth in commercial potting soil. This study on PBF shows promising potential for ginseng sprout production and its use in high-value, eco-friendly processes. Growth of ginseng sprout by P. brevitarsis larval frass (PBF) fertilizer. Control; commercial potting soil, fixing 30% perlite and adjusting cocopeat quantity in 10%, 20%, and 30% PBF. - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024

  • Short communication

    Effects of Bacillus velezensis strain GH1-13 seed-soaking inoculation on rice productivity and greenhouse gas (CH4 and N2O) emissions in a paddy soil during cultivation: A pot experiment
    Juhee An, Yeomyeong Lee, Jaekyeong Song, Sang Yoon Kim
    In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed-soaking inoculation of Bacillus velezensis (B. velezensis … + READ MORE
    In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed-soaking inoculation of Bacillus velezensis (B. velezensis) GH1-13 on rice productivity and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions during the cultivation season in four different treatments (presence or absence of inoculation with organic matter application which was added as rice straw at rates of 0 and 5 Mg ha-1, respectively). Inoculation of B. velezensis increased rice productivity, but no significant differences were observed among all the treatments. Global warming potential including CH4 and N2O emissions significantly increased with the inoculation (2.7 g CH4 pot-1 and 15.0 mg N2O pot-1) compared to the control (2.2 g CH4 pot-1 and 8.4 mg N2O pot-1) in non-OM (organic matter) soils. In OM-amended soils, CH4 and N2O emissions increased more than that in non-OM soils with the inoculation (31.4 g CH4 pot-1 and 12.8 mg N2O pot-1) compared to the control (19.3 g CH4 pot-1 and 12.3 mg N2O pot-1). Although there is no significant increase in CH4 emissions, the fluxes increased in both non-OM and OM-treated soils by the inoculation, which might be due to the stimulation of organic matter degradation by producing cellulase enzyme and other metabolites related to carbon cycling from B. velezensis, leading to increase global warming potential (789.2 CO2 eq. pot-1) in the OM treatment soils compared to the control (486.4 CO2 eq. pot-1) during cultivation. These results suggest that rice seed-soaking of the B. velezensis may influence CH4 and nitrogen cyclings in different OM conditions, which could be a pioneering option for potentially reducing GHG emissions in paddy soils. Conclusively, beneficial microorganisms, isolated from rice paddy soils which might play a role in CH4 oxidizers or N2O reducers, are needed to be screened for mitigating GHG emissions as well as stimulating rice yield for further studies. Effects of Bacillus sp. inoculation greenhouse gas emissions (CH4 and N2O). - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024

  • Opinion

    Advances in the ECe prediction from EC1:5
    Seo-Woo Park, Nuri Baek, Eun-Seo Shin, Woo-Jung Choi
    The standard measure of soil salinity is electrical conductivity (EC) of saturated soil paste extracts (ECe). However, measuring ECe … + READ MORE
    The standard measure of soil salinity is electrical conductivity (EC) of saturated soil paste extracts (ECe). However, measuring ECe is labor and time-consuming and the accuracy of ECe is dependent on individual skill. As an alternative, the electrical conductivity of the extracts of 1:5 soil:water ratio (EC1:5) is commonly used, and thus the conversion of EC1:5 to ECe is necessary for the practical use of EC1:5. Recently, a multiple regression model for the estimation of conversion factors (CF) using clay content and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) has been developed: CF = 7.179 - 0.084 × Clay + 1.096 × ln(ESP). In this study, the CF model was validated using unpublished data on EC (EC1:5 and ECe), clay content, and ESP that were obtained from 50 paddy fields (n = 100 including two depth) of five reclaimed tidelands located in the coastal areas of South Korea. The CFs ranged from 5.7 to 11.9, and the measured and predicted ECe were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.81, P < 0.001) with an error of 11.2%. Despite the potential errors, we suggest that converting ECe from EC1:5 using the CF model may be a feasible method for long-term monitoring of ECe with the consideration of the time and cost and inconsistent accuracy of ECe measurement as clay content and ESP are the basic soil monitoring parameters in saline soil survey projects. Correlation between ECe measured and ECe predicted from EC1:5. - COLLAPSE
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    29 February 2024
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